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87Chapter 3Getting into the Desktoptypes can be automatically detected and opened in the correct application. There are MIME types defined for audio, image, text, video, and a variety ofother content. Of course, you can also perform many standard file manager functions withKonqueror. For example, you can manipulate files by using features such as select, move, cut, paste, and delete; search directories for files; create new items (files, folders, and links, to name a few); view histories of the files and Web sites you haveopened; and create bookmarks. Working with FilesBecause most of the ways of working with files in Konqueror are quite intuitive (byintention), here s a quick rundown of how to do basic file manipulation: ToDo ThisOpen a fileDouble-click the file. It will open right in the Konqueror window, if possible, or in the default application set for the file type. Youalso can open directories, applications, and links by double- clicking them. Open a file with a Right-click a data file, choose Open With from the pop-up menu, specific applicationand then select one of the available applications to open the file. The applications listed are those that are set up to open the file. Delete a fileRight-click the file and select Delete. You are asked if you reallywant to delete the file. Click Yes to permanently delete it. Copy a fileRight-click the file and select Copy. This copies the file to yourclipboard. After that, you can paste it to another folder. Click theKlipper (clipboard) icon in the panel to see a list of copied files. Klipper holds the seven most recent copied files, by default. Clickthe Klipper icon and select Configure Klipper to change thenumber of copied files Klipper will remember. Paste a fileRight-click (an open area of a folder) and select Paste. A copy ofthe file you copied previously is pasted in the current folder. Link a fileDrag-and-drop a file from one folder to another. When the menuappears, click Link Here. (A linked file lets you access a file from anew location without having to make a copy of the original file. When you open the link, a pointer to the original file causes it toopen.) Move a fileWith the original folder and target folder both open on the Copy a filedesktop, click and hold the left mouse button on the file Create a link to a fileyou want to move, drag the file to an open area of the newfolder, and release the mouse button. From the menu thatappears, click Move. (You also can use this menu to copy orcreate a link to the file.)
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86Part ILinux First StepsManaging Files with the Konqueror File ManagerThe Konqueror file manager helps elevate the KDE environment from just anotherXwindow manager to an integrated desktop that competes with GUIs from AppleComputing or Microsoft. The features in Konqueror rival those that are offered bythose user-friendly desktop systems. Figure 3-4 shows an example of the Konquerorfile manager window in Fedora Core. Figure 3-4:Konqueror provides a network-ready tool for managing files. Some of Konqueror s greatest strengths over earlier file managers are the following: .Network desktop If your computer is connected to the Internet or a LAN, features built into Konqueror enable you to create links to files (using FTP) and Web pages (using HTTP) on the network and open them in the Konquerorwindow. Those links can appear as file icons in a Konqueror window or on thedesktop. Konqueror also supports WebDAV, which can be configured to allowlocal read and write access to remote folders (which is a great tool if you aremaintaining a Web server). .Web browser interface The Konqueror interface works like Mozilla, InternetExplorer, or other Web browsers in the way you select files, directories, andWeb content. Because Konqueror is based on a browser model, a single clickopens a file, a link to a network resource, or an application program. You canalso open content by typing Web-style addresses in the Location box. Web pages that contain Java and JavaScript content run by default in Konqueror. Tocheck that Java and JavaScript support are turned on, choose Settings.ConfigureKonqueror. From the Settings window, click Java & JavaScript and select the Javatab. To enable Java, click the Enable Java Globally box and click Apply. Repeat forthe JavaScript tab. .File types and MIME types If you want a particular type of file to always belaunched by a particular application, you can configure that file yourself. KDEalready has dozens of MIME types defined so that particular file and dataTip08_
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85Chapter 3Getting into the DesktopTable 3-2KeystrokesKey ResultDirectionsCombinationCtrl+TabStep through the virtual To go from one virtual desktop to the next, desktopshold down the Ctrl key and press the Tab keyuntil you see the desktop that you want tomake current. Then release the Ctrl key toselect that desktop. Alt+TabStep through windowsTo step through each of the windows that arerunning on the current desktop, hold down theAlt key and press the Tab key until you see theone you want. Then release the Alt key toselect it. Alt+F2Open Run Command boxTo open a box on the desktop that lets youtype in a command and run it, hold the Alt keyand press F2. Next, type the command in thebox and press Enter to run it. You can also typea URL into this box to view a Web page. Alt+F4Close current windowTo close the current window, press Alt+F4. Ctrl+Alt+EscClose another windowTo close an open window on the desktop, pressCtrl+Alt+Esc. When a skull and crossbonesappears as the pointer, move the pointer overthe window you want to close and click the leftmouse button. (This is a good technique forkilling a window that has no borders or menu.) Ctrl+F1, F2, Switch virtual desktopsGo directly to a particular virtual desktop by F3 or F4 keypressing and holding the Ctrl key and pressingone of the following: F1, F2, F3, or F4. Theseactions take you directly to desktops one, two, three, and four, respectively. You could do thisfor up to eight desktops, if you have that manyconfigured. Alt+F3Open window operation To open the operations menu for the active menuwindow, press Alt+F3. When the menu appears, move the arrow keys to select an action (Move, Size, Minimize, Maximize, and so on), and thenpress Enter to select it.
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84Part ILinux First StepsTable 3-1Single-Click Mouse ActionsPointer PositionMouse ButtonResultWindow title bar or frame LeftRaises current window(current window active) Window title bar or frame MiddleLowers current window(current window active) Window title bar or frame RightOpens operations menu(current window active) Window title bar or frame LeftActivates current window and raises (current window not active)it to the topWindow title bar or frame MiddleActivates current window and lowers it(current window not active) Window title bar or frame RightOpens operations menu without (current window not active)changing positionInner window (current LeftActivates current window, raises it to the window not active)top, and passes the click to the windowInner window (current Middle or Activates current window and passes window not active)Rightthe click to the windowAny part of a windowMiddle (plus Toggles between raising and lowering hold Alt key)the windowAny part of a windowRight (plus Resizes the windowhold Alt key) On the desktop areaLeft (hold Selects a group of iconsand drag) On the desktop areaRightOpens system pop-up menuClick a desktop icon to open it. Double-clicking a window title bar results in a window-shade action, where the window scrolls up and down into the title bar. If you don t happen to have a mouse or you just like to keep your hands on the key- board, there are several keystroke sequences you can use to navigate the desktop. Table 3-2 shows some examples.
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83Chapter 3Getting into the Desktop .Desktop icons The icons on the desktop are usually, by default, those thatenable you to access removable media (CD, floppy disk, etc.), throw out files(trash icon), and visit your home directory. In KNOPPIX, the KDE desktop alsohas a nice feature that lets you access your hard disk partitions directly fromicons on the desktop. .Konqueror file manager Konqueror is the file manager window used withKDE desktops. It not only can be used to manage files but also to display Webpages. Konqueror is described in detail later in this chapter. .Desktop menu Right-click the desktop to see a menu of common actions totake. The menu provides a quick way to access your bookmarks; create newfolders, files, or devices (with devices, you re actually choosing to mount adevice on a particular part of the file system); straighten up your windows oricons; configure the desktop; and log out of your KDE session. To navigate the KDE desktop, you can use the mouse or key combinations. Theresponses from the desktop to your mouse depend on which button you click andwhere the mouse pointer is located. Table 3-1 shows the results of clicking eachmouse button with the mouse pointer placed in different locations. (You canchange any of these behaviors from the Windows Behavior panel on the KDEControl Center. From the KDE menu, select Settings.Control Center, and thenchoose the Window Behavior selection under the Desktop heading.) Figure 3-3:The KDE desktop includes a panel, desktop icons, and menus.
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82Part ILinux First Stepsto the next. With KDE, you can do all those things and much more. For example, you can: .Drag-and-drop a document from a folder window (Konqueror) to the Trash icon(to get rid of it) or on a OpenOffice.org Writer icon (to open it for editing). .Right-click an image file (JPEG, PNG, etc.), and the OpenWith menu lets youchoose to open the file using an image viewer (KView), editor (GIMP), slideshow viewer (Kuickshow), or other application. To make more applications available to you in the future, KDE provides a platformfor developers to create programs that easily share information and detect how todeal with different data types. The things you can do with KDE grow every day. KDE is the default desktop environment for SUSE, KNOPPIX, and several other Linuxsystems. It is available with Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora Core but is notinstalled by default when they are installed as desktop systems (you need to do anEverything install or to select to add KDE specifically in those cases). KDE also hasa different look-and-feel in Red Hat systems than it does from implementation onother systems that deliver KDE desktops. The following section describes how to get started with KDE. This includes usingthe KDE Setup wizard, maneuvering around the desktop, managing files, and addingapplication launchers. In this chapter, KNOPPIX is the reference model for the KDE descriptions. BecauseKDE is very configurable, there may be some differences in these descriptions forKDE in other Linux systems. Using the KDE DesktopKDE as it s delivered with KNOPPIX uses a lot of the design elements that come fromthe KDE project, so it s pretty easy to distinguish from other desktop environments. The look-and-feel has similarities to both Windows and Macintosh systems. Figure 3-3shows an example of the KDE desktop in KNOPPIX: Some of the key elements of the KDE desktop include: .Panel The KDE panel (shown along the bottom of the screen) includes itemsthat enable you to launch applications and to see minimized representations ofactive windows, applets, and virtual desktops. A K icon on the left side of thepanel is used to represent the main menu on a KDE desktop. In KNOPPIX, thaticon is followed by a KNOPPIX-specific menu (it looks like a squished penguin) and other icons to launch common applications (the file manager, Terminalwindow, Web browser, and office applications). Four virtual desktops (shown inlittle boxes numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4) are available by clicking on the number ofthe virtual desktop you want to display. Applets (on the right side of the panel) in KNOPPIX let you change your keyboard, set screen resolution, adjust audiocontrols, and view the time. Note08_
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81Chapter 3Getting into the DesktopBoot to a Text PromptInstead of a nice graphical screen with pictures and colors, you might see a loginprompt that looks like this: Welcome to XYZ Linuxyourcomputer login: This is the way all UNIX and older Linux systems used to appear on the screenwhen they booted up. Now this is the login prompt that is typical for a systemthatis installed as a server or, for some reason, was configured not to start anXdisplay manager for you to log in. Run level 3 boots to a plain-text login promptinmultiuser mode. Just because you have a text prompt doesn t necessarily mean you can start a desk- top environment. Many Linux experts boot to a text prompt because they only wantto use the GUI on occasion. However, if X and the necessary other desktop compo- nents are installed on your computer, you can typically start the desktop after youlog in by typing the following command: $ startxThe default desktop environment starts up, and you should be ready to go. Whatyou do next depends on whether you have a KDE, GNOME, or some sort of home- spun desktop environment. In most cases, the GUI configuration you do during installation for your video cardand monitor gets you to a working desktop environment. If, for some reason, thescreen is unusable when you start the desktop, you need to do some additionalconfiguration. The Configuring Your Own Desktop section later in this chapterdescribes some tools you can use to get your desktop working. K Desktop Environment (KDE) The KDE was created to bring a high-quality desktop environment to UNIX (andnow Linux) workstations. Integrated within KDE are tools for managing files, win- dows, multiple desktops, and applications. If you can work a mouse, you can learnto navigate the KDE desktop. The lack of an integrated, standardized desktop environment once held back Linuxand other UNIX systems from acceptance on the desktop. While individual appli- cations ran well, you mostly could not drag-and-drop files or other items betweenapplications. Likewise, you couldn t open a file and expect the machine to launchthe correct application to deal with it or save your windows from one login sessionNote08_
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80Part ILinux First StepsYou can just enter your login (username) and password to start up your personaldesktop environment. Your selected desktop environment KDE or GNOME comes up ready for you to use. Although the system defines a desktop environmentby default, you can typically change desktop environments on those Linux systems, such as Fedora, that offer both KDE and GNOME. X display managers can enable you to do a lot more than just get to your desktop. Although different graphical login screens offer different options, here are some youmay encounter: .Session Look for a Session button on the login screen (such as the one thatcomes with Fedora). From there, you can choose to start your login sessionwith a GNOME, KDE, or Failsafe environment. (Failsafe simply opens a Terminalwindow so, presumably, you can make a quick fix to the system without start- ing up a whole desktop environment.) .Language Linux systems that are configured to start multiple languagesmay give you the opportunity to choose a language (other than the defaultlanguage) to boot into. For this to work, however, you must have installedsupport for the language you choose. .Reboot or Shutdown There s no need to log in if all you want to do is turnoff or restart your computer. Most graphical login screens offer you the optionof rebooting or shutting down the machine from that screen. If you don t like the way the graphical login screen looks, or just want to assertgreater control over how it works, there are many ways of configuring and securingX graphical login screens. Later, once you are logged in, you can use the followingtools (as root user) to configure the login screen: .KDE Login Manager From the KDE control center, you can modify your KDEdisplay manager using the Login Manager screen (from KDE control center, select System Administration.Login Manager). You can change logos, back- grounds, color schemes, and other features related to the look-and-feel of thelogin screen. .GNOME Login Manager The GNOME display manager (gdm) comes with aLogin Screen Setup utility (from the desktop run the gdmconfigcommand asroot user). From the Login Screen Setup window, you can select the GraphicalGreeter tab and choose a whole different theme for the login manager. On theSecurity tab, you may notice that all TCP connections to the X server are dis- allowed. Don t change this selection because no processes other than thosehandled directly by your display manager should be allowed to connect to thelogin screen. After your login and password have been accepted, the desktop environment con- figured for your user account starts up. Users can modify their desktop environ- ments to suit their tastes (even to the point of changing the entire desktopenvironment used).
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79Chapter 3Getting into the Desktopinitdefaultline as you please between 3 and 5 (don t use other numberunless you know what you are doing, and never use 0 or 6). Because graphical login screens are designed to be configurable, you often find thatthe distribution has its own logo or other graphical elements on the login screen. For example, Figure 3-1 shows a basic graphical login panel displayed by the kdmgraphical display manager. Figure 3-1:A simple KDE display manager(kdm) login screen includes a clock, loginname list, and a few menu selections. With Red Hat s Fedora Core Linux, the default login screen is based on the GNOMEdisplay manager (gdm). Figure 3-2 shows the Fedora Core graphical login screen. Figure 3-2:The Fedora Project login screen is based on gdm.
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78Part ILinux First Steps .GNOME Desktop Environment (www.gnome.org) GNOME is a more stream- lined desktop environment. It includes a smaller feature set than KDE andruns faster in many lower-memory systems. Some think of GNOME as a morebusiness-oriented desktop. It s the default desktop for Red Hat Linux systemssuch as Fedora and RHEL. .X and a window manager (X.orgor XFree86.org+ WM) You don t need afull-blown desktop environment to operate Linux from a GUI. The most basic, reasonable way of using Linux is to simply start the X Window System serverand a window manager of your choice (there are dozens to choose from). Manyadvanced users go this route because it can offer more flexibility in how theyset up their desktops. The truth is that most X applications run in any of the desktop environments justdescribed (provided that proper libraries are included with your Linux distribution). So you can choose a Linux desktop based on the performance, customization tools, and controls that best suit you. Each of those three types of desktop environmentsare described in this chapter. Starting the DesktopBecause the way that you start a desktop in Linux is completely configurable, differ- ent distributions offer different ways of starting up the desktop. Once your Linuxdistribution is installed, it may just boot to the desktop, offer a graphical login, oroffer a text-based login. Bootable Linux systems (which don t have to be installed atall) typically just boot to the desktop. Boot to the DesktopSome bootable Linux systems boot right to a desktop without requiring you to login, so that you can immediately start working with Linux. KNOPPIX is an example ofa distribution that boots straight to a Linux desktop from a CD. That desktop systemusually runs as a particular username (such as knoppix, in the case of the KNOPPIXdistribution). To perform system administration, you have to switch to the adminis- trator s account temporarily (using the suor sudocommand). Boot to Graphical LoginMost desktop Linux systems that are installed on your hard disk boot up to a graphical login screen. Although the X display manager (xdm) is the basic displaymanager that comes with the X Window System, KDE and GNOME each have theirown graphical display managers that are used as login screens (kdm and gdm, respectively). So chances are that you will see the login screen associated withKDEor GNOME (depending on which is the default on your Linux). When Linux starts up, it enters into what is referred to as a run level or systemstate. Typically, a system set to start at run level 5 boots to a graphical loginprompt. A system set to run level 3 boots to a text prompt. The run level is set bythe initdefaultline in the /etc/inittabfile. Change the number on theNote08_
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