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365Chapter 12Running Yellow Dog LinuxIf it had been a month and you decided you no longer needed gimp, you couldremove it withyum remove gimpYum makes updating packages very easy and should be used regularly to keep yoursystem updated with the latest patches (you can even run it from a cron job fortrue automation). Running Mac Applications with Mac-on-LinuxMac-on-Linux is a very interesting project that enables Mac users to have thebestof both Linux and Mac. With this software, you can run Linux as the primaryoperating system and still access your Mac OS or Mac OS X operating systems(oreven another Linux operating system) via a window within your operatingLinuxsession. Mac-on-Linux presents a virtual machine that provides a real environment to theMac OS or Mac OS X installation. Because there is no emulation, Mac-on-Linux isvery fast and capable. Mac-on-Linux is very stable and works with minimal configu- ration. For more information on what Mac-on-Linux provides and on instructionsfor its use visit http://maconlinux.org/. Support OptionsIf you run into problems using or installing Yellow Dog Linux, you can obtain sup- port in many ways. The Linux community at large is very supportive, profferingnumerous Web pages available to assist the newcomer. If you encounter problemswith hardware, try one of the following options: .Yellow Dog Mailing List Archive Search A free service that enables you tosearch some of the more common problems encountered by users. Use theSearch Lists box at the top right side of the http://yellowdoglinux.com/ support/installation/page. .Yellow Dog Community Board Another free support option that is run byYellow Dog Linux enthusiasts. It is available at http://yellowdog-board.com/. .Yellow Dog Mail Lists If your questions didn t get answered through thepreceding sites, you could subscribe to some of the numerous Yellow Dogmailing lists where you can ask your questions. Directions for use are athttp://lists.terrasoftsolutions.com/mailman/listinfo.

364Part IIIChoosing and Installing a Linux DistributionUpdating Yellow Dog LinuxYellow Dog Updated, Modified (yum) is included with Yellow Dog and ships withFedora, Mandrake, and other Linux distributions as well. It s a utility that enables youto update your system packages to the latest available version. Because new securityvulnerabilities are released on all operating systems frequently, updating your systempackages regularly is essential. Updating your packages also gives you the newestfeatures available for the applications you are using. Here are some of the mostwidely used options available with yum (replace packagewith name of package): OptionDescriptionyum listShows all the packages available to be installed (but notinstalled). yum list installedShows installed packages. yum list updatesShows all installed packages that have updates (patches) available. yum install packageInstalls the package you identify in package. yum update packageUpdates the package you identify in package. The greatthing about this is it installs all package dependencies, whichused to be a major headache when administering patches. yum updateUpdates all packages on the system. (Same as precedingoption but does not specify package name.) yum remove packageRemoves the package identified in package. yum info packageProvides detailed information on the package identified inpackage. Using this information, assume that you want to run gimp GNU Image ManipulationProject (GIMP) is a very popular graphics editing program and you haven tinstalled it previously. If you want to get more information on it, you d run: yum info gimpIf you decide you want to install it: yum install gimpIf an update becomes available a week later and you want to patch it: yum update gimp19_

363Chapter 12Running Yellow Dog Linux15.You ve reached the About to Install phase. You re warned that the system willbegin writing to the disk. You can back out of anything at this point with nodamage to the system, so if you made a mistake or are not sure about installing, you can simply reboot. If you are ready to commit your configuration to thesystem, click Next. Your system begins writing the software to the hard drive. This can take from 10 minutes to an hour or more depending on the speed ofyour system and the amount of software you decided to load. You are shown alist of the CDs that your system needs to load the software. Be sure to havethose CDs ready to load into the system. After each CD is completed, you areprompted to insert another CD until the installation is complete. 16.After the installation finishes, the congratulations screen appears. ClickReboot when you are ready. 17.The system reboots and goes through system initialization. Afterward, a wel- come screen appears. 18.The initial setup begins here. Click Next to move forward. 19.The license agreement appears in a text box. Read it and then click No if you donot agree to the terms, and the process stops. Click Yes if you agree to the terms. 20.Set the date and time for the system. If you want to use Network Time Protocol(NTP) to synchronize your system date and time with a remote network systemfor maximum assurance of correct date and time, check the Enable NetworkTime Protocol box, and then select one of the two NTP servers provided. 21.Set the display resolution and color depth to your preference. (You can changethis in the system after installation.) 22.Create your nonroot daily user account. Enter a username (the name you useto log in with) and the full name of the user (for administrative purposes), andthen enter the password twice. If you need to use network login, you canconfigure that here as well (your system administrator can provide this infor- mation if needed). Do not log in with the root account for normal day-to-day activities. That can bevery dangerous in that you could accidentally damage the system with an errantcommand, but it also means that you might surf the Web using root or install soft- ware with root without thinking twice about it, possibly introducing malicious soft- ware. Use the nonroot account for all nonadministrative purposes and regularinteraction with the system. 23.Configure your sound card. If everything seems to be configured properly, tryto play a test sound. A pop-up window asks if you heard the sound. Answerappropriately, and click Next when you re ready to move on. 24.If you have any additional CDs from which to install software, insert them intothe CD-ROM and select them here (the CD you insert will show on the list). Click Next to continue. 25.At this point you are done installing and configuring your system, and you arebooted up into the graphical user interface with a prompt for the usernameand password. Caution19_

362Part IIIChoosing and Installing a Linux DistributionWeb Server (HTTP, HTTPS).Allows your system to serve regular (HTTP) Web pages or encrypted (HTTPS) Web pages. Unless you need to run aWeb server, it is recommended that you do not check this. File Transfer (FTP).Allows users to interactively log in to your systemand transfer files. This protocol is unencrypted and not needed by mostusers. If you must allow file transfers, SFTP (provided with SSH) is thepreferred method because the password and username are sent encrypted. Mail Server (SMTP).Allows your system to accept mail requests or mailrelay requests. You can still send and receive mail if you do not checkthis; it just allows your machine to act as a mail server. If you install andimproperly configure SMTP, your system can become a spam relay, soonly more experienced users should check this. These settings can be reconfigured later using iptables. See the man page foriptables for more information. 11.If you need additional language support, select it here. Your default language(chosen during install language selection) should already be selected. ClickNext to continue. 12.Select the time zone in which you reside or the time zone you want to use foryour server. If your hardware uses UTC (Greenwich Mean Time GMT), selectthe check box at the bottom. Click next to continue. 13.Set your root password. This password provides the keys to the kingdom; with the root account, a user can do anything, including destroy the entire filesystem. You must set to a strong password (not any personally identifiableinformation such as identification number, phone number, pet s name, familymember s birthday, etc.). Enter your password twice (to ensure it is the same), and then press Enter. The importance of a good root or any other account password should not be min- imized. This is crucially important to the security of your system. See http:// securityfocus.com/infocus/1537for more information on choosing goodpasswords. 14.Select the different packages you want to install on the system. ChooseEverything (for all software packages) or Minimal (only the basics to run thesystem). Selecting the package groups enables you to see the individual pack- ages included in each group (you can select or deselect from that list for moregranularity). Note that KDE is chosen by default; if you prefer to use GNOMEor want to use both, check GNOME. When you re finished, click Next. Red Hat Fedora Linux 3 Bibleincludes descriptions of the software included witheach of the packages for Fedora Core Linux. The packages described in AppendixB of that book are similar to Yellow Dog Linux selections because Yellow Dog isbased on the Fedora Core distribution. That entire book can also be used as a ref- erence guide to Yellow Dog Linux. NoteCautionNote19_

361Chapter 12Running Yellow Dog Linux IP Address A four-octet number that uniquely identifies your com- puter address. Your system will have a unique IP on your LAN or WAN(wide area network) connection. Netmask Identifies the Host and network portions of the IP address. Aclass A network is 255.0.0.0, a class B is 255.255.0.0, and a class C is255.255.255.0 by default (if no subnet masking is in place). Click OK and, if you aren t using DHCP, set your hostname by selectingHostname.Manually. This can be any name you want to represent your computer. If this is a server, follow your company s naming convention. If youprefer to have DHCP set your hostname, select the Automatically via DHCPradio button. The last options are grayed out if you have selected DHCP. If you chose tomanually configure your network options, enter the following: Gateway IP address The IP address of the machine that is the gatewayor router between your network and the outside networks. For instance, 192.168.1.1 might be your gateway if you have a Linksys or D-Link routerbetween your computer and your cable or DSL connection. Primary, secondary, and tertiary DNS The server that your systemuses for address name translation (converting a hostname into an IPaddress). Your ISP usually gives you this information. 10.Configure the firewall. A firewall acts as a conduit between your computer andother computers that request access to the services it is providing. If you areconnected to the Internet or other networks, enable your firewall. Even if youare not connected to an untrusted network, you should enable the firewall incase you connect at a later date. Two choices are available in this section: No firewall Don t choose this option because it does not checkagainst requests for services. Even if your system is not currently pro- viding services, it s best to not select this option (things can change asthe system grows). Enable firewall The preferred selection. It provides a modicum ofsecurity against malicious entities that may want to attack your systems. Only the default services are allowed at this level, and you can configureaccess for more services as needed. Some of the defaults are: Remote login (SSH).An encrypted protocol that replaces the vulnerabletelnet protocol. With SSH you can log in to the system with an interactiveshell, as well as securely transfer files interactively (SFTP) or noninterac- tively (SCP). For more information on this, type man sshat the commandline after installation. When SSH is unchecked, you can still use these utilities on outgoing connections. This only controls incoming requests from outside your computer. If you need toaccess your system remotely, you can choose this, but it is best to leave it uncheckedfor security reasons. The same applies to the other options presented. Note19_

360Part IIIChoosing and Installing a Linux DistributionBe extremely careful using the Remove All Partitions option, and if at all possible, avoid using it at all because you can accidentally destroy your Mac OS installation! Keep all partitions and use existing free space.The one you want to usein most cases, because it won t alter your Mac OS or Mac OS X installa- tions and uses only the identified free space (as created previously). Thisis the option you should select if you are using Automatically partition. Manually Partition with Disk Druid This is the more advanced optionthat allows you to create your partitions to your preference. Here is thesequence for creating new Linux partitions: Choose the drive on which you want to install Yellow Dog Linux. Choose New to create a new partition. You must create three partitions. First, choose Filesystem Type.Apple BootStrap. No mount point isneeded. It should be 1MB and fixed size. This partition is for booting andshould be the very first partition. Second, choose Filesystem Type.Swap. No mount point required. It should be a minimum 256MB (256MB is gen- erally enough, although some say this should be set to twice the size ofyour physical RAM. More won t degrade system performance, though, and it doesn t hurt to be safe) and fixed size. This partition is the swapspace that Linux uses for processes when the RAM is full. Third, createyour root partition by selecting /as the mount point. This is where thefile system is mounted. The root partition is absolutely critical becauseyour other file systems will mount from this. You generally want to haveyour root partition consume the rest of the hard drive unless you arecreating more partitions. Additional partitions are optional. 9.Identify your network settings, including DHCP. You use your network configu- ration for LAN (local area network) connections, such as when you are using arouter between your cable or DSL connection and the local, internal network. You should know these settings ahead of time, so be sure to check them outbefore you start. Refer to Chapter 5 for descriptions of IP addresses, netmasks, and other informa- tion you need to set up your LAN. Select eth0 (your first network interface card) and click Edit. You have the fol- lowing options: Configure using DHCP Enables you to automatically obtain a DHCPaddress from your LAN if there is a DHCP server (such as Linksys or D-Link Routers). If you check here, you do not need to fill out anythingelse in this section. Activate on boot Enables you to turn on your network connection during boot. Under most circumstances you will want to do so if youareusing a LAN. Cross- ReferenceCaution19_

359Chapter 12Running Yellow Dog LinuxYellow Dog Linux 3.0.1 only has installand install-textoptions available. Choose installfirst, and if that doesn t work, choose install-textafterrebooting. 4.The system will have been probed prior to this point to determine the hard- ware configuration. After the text messages, you are presented with a welcomescreen. (You can choose to review the release notes by clicking the ReleaseNotes button at the bottom-left side.) When you re ready to move on, click theNext button on the bottom-right side. 5.Select the language with which you are most comfortable. All future informa- tion presented by the installer will be in the language you select. 6.Choose the keyboard type that matches your current configuration. 7.Choose the type of installation you want. The options are: Personal Desktop Most home users will want this installation becauseit contains the most appropriate software set for home or office users(including laptops). Games, word processors, Internet tools, and otheruseful packages are included. Workstation Similar to the personal desktop type but includes toolsfor system administration as well as software development. Server Installs software needed for providing external services, including file and print, Web, and mail services. This is an advancedinstallation type and should be used only if you need it because youcould misconfigure your system and create a security vulnerability. Youcan choose to install a graphical user interface as well, so if you don twant the extra overhead of a GUI, you can go without one on this type. Custom Provides the most flexibility because you can configure thepartitions and software packages you want (everything!). This is yourchoice if you want to have more control over the installation. If you wantto experience a large set of applications, you can choose this instead ofinstalling applications one by one. You can also choose a more specificset of packages if this is to be a server used for external services, provid- ing a higher level of security. For this chapter, the Custom installation type is used and assumed. 8.Decide how you want to partition your hard drive. You have two choices: Automatically partition If you choose this method, click Next and youare presented with three options: Remove all Linux partitions.Deletes all previous Linux partitions andreplaces only previously identified Linux partitions. Remove all partitions.Use this only on New World ROM systems or on asingle-drive Yellow Dog installation. If you use this option on a multibootsystem, it removes allprevious installations, including any Mac OS orMAC OS X installation. If you use this on an Old World ROM system, regardless of the installation type, it destroys the installation andrequires a reformat and reload of Mac OS. Note19_

358Part IIIChoosing and Installing a Linux DistributionYellow Dog Linux 3.0.1 Special ConsiderationsAll the planning noted previously applies to Yellow Dog Linux 3.0.1, but there is onespecial consideration to take into account. Yellow Dog Linux 4.0 supports only NewWorld ROM systems, which are the blue-and-white G3 and above systems. There are two versions of the G3, one that has a beige case and another that hasthe blue-and-white case. If you are installing Yellow Dog on a New World ROM system, go right to the nextsection, Beginning the Installation. If you are using an Old World ROM system, which are beige G3 systems and below, refer to the Yellow Dog Linux Web site (http://www.yellowdoglinux.com) formore information. Beginning the InstallationAfter you have determined how you will boot your system (multiboot or singleYellow Dog Linux boot) and have loaded Mac OS X or Mac OS 9 or below as appro- priate, you can begin installing Yellow Dog Linux. This procedure focuses on YellowDog Linux 4.0, but special notes on aspects of the 3.0.1 install are included whereappropriate. 1.Insert Yellow Dog Linux CD 1 into your CD-ROM drive and press C to boot offthe CD-ROM. 2.If you downloaded Yellow Dog or have a burned CD-R, you may want to checkyour media by appending mediacheckto the end of any of the install types(see step 3 for install types). For example: install-safe mediacheckThis goes through all your media to determine if it is suitable for loading theoperating system. This can save you a lot of time by determining that all ofyour CDs are good before you invest your time in the installation procedure. Although it doesn t show up in the Yellow Dog 3.0.1 text menu, you can still typemediacheckafter installor install-textto check your CD-ROMs. 3.After some cursory probing messages, you are prompted with a menu askinghow you want to boot the CD-ROM. If you are using a New World ROM G3 or G4(blue-and-white G3 and above machine), type installat the prompt to use thegraphical user interface method of installation. If you are using a G5 machine, type install-g5at the prompt to install using the graphical user interface. Ifyou can t get either of these methods to work, type install-safefor G3 or G4machines or install-g5-safefor G5 machines to use a generic video mode forinstallation. If neither of these methods works, you can type install textforG3or G4 machines or install-g5 textfor G5 machines to install with the textinstallation method if you find that the graphical version doesn t work for you. NoteNote19_

357Chapter 12Running Yellow Dog Linux7.Choose the second gray partition and leave it as the default (Mac OS Extended) for your Mac OS X partition. You can name this as well if you like and adjustthe size according to your needs. 8.Click the Partition button and then quit the partition tool. Resume your installation of Mac OS X as normal. Installing Mac OS 9 or Below and Yellow Dog Linux on One Hard DriveIf you want to install Mac OS 9 or below in addition to Yellow Dog Linux on one harddrive, you can perform the following for a dual-booted machine: 1.Boot off the Mac OS CD by holding down the C key with the Mac OS CD-ROMinserted (to boot off the CD-ROM). 2.Double-click the Utilities or Disk Tools folder. Double-click the Drive Setupapplication. 3.Select your hard drive in the List of Drives in the Drive Setup window. 4.Click the Initialize button, and then click the Custom Setup button. 5.Choose how many partitions you want in the Custom Setup pop-up window(2partitions is a good selection for both Mac OS and Yellow Dog Linux, or3partitions for Mac OS, Mac OS X, and Yellow Dog Linux). You can use theslider bar to change the size of the partitions here. 6.Choose the top partition and select Unallocated in the menu that by defaultdisplays Mac OS Extended. The second partition should be Mac OS Standardfor Mac OS, and if you are loading Mac OS X as well, the third partition shouldbe Mac OS Extended (only available if you chose 3 partitions). Make sure tolabel the partitions appropriately. 7.Select OK and then Initialize. Resume your installation of Mac OS as normal. Installing Mac OS 9 or Below, Mac OS X, and Yellow Dog Linux on Multiple Hard DrivesBecause of the way the system boots, you should have the drive to which you planto install Yellow Dog Linux as the first hard drive in the IDE chain, set as Master. Mac OS or Mac OS X should be placed as the second drive in the chain and havethe jumper set to Slave. Then install the other versions of Mac OS (9 or below or X) onto the other harddrives. You only need to select a drive other than the first one during the installprocedure. You must install Yellow Dog Linux as the last operating system and onthe first drive.

356Part IIIChoosing and Installing a Linux DistributionIf you have older hardware that isn t officially supported, you should still be abletouse Yellow Dog Linux 4.0, but you ll be running in an unsupported configuration, so caveat emptor. The reason for the dropping of older hardware is so that TerraSoft Solutions could focus on the most likely configurations, instead of trying tosupport every possible system, of which the Old World ROM systems were particu- larly troublesome. Planning Your InstallationBefore starting installation, back up any data you want to retain on external media(CD, hard drive, and so on). This is a precautionary measure in case your systemoverwrites data that is important to you. The next step is to determine if you aregoing to multiboot Mac OS with Yellow Dog Linux or if you are going to installYellow Dog Linux as a standalone product. If you choose to multiboot, you mustdecide if you will use two hard drives or partition (or logically divide) a single harddrive to house both Linux and Mac OS. Installing Mac OS X and Yellow Dog Linux on One Hard DriveIf you choose to use one hard drive to house both Mac OS and Yellow Dog Linux, you need to load Mac OS (X or 9) first and then create a partition for Yellow DogLinux as the first partition. In Mac OS X do the following: 1.Boot off the Mac OS X CD by holding down the C key with the Mac OS XCD-ROM inserted (to boot off the CD-ROM). 2.From the Install menu, select Open Disk Utility. 3.Select your hard drive and then click the partition tab on the right side. 4.Choose how many partitions you want (2 partitions is a good selection forboth Mac OS X and Yellow Dog Linux, or if you want to install Mac OS 9 orbelow and Mac OS X, you can choose the number of partitions needed.) 5.Choose the first gray partition that is untitled (it should be the top one). 6.In the Format menu, select Free Space for your Yellow Dog Linux partition. Note that you can change the size of the partition if you don t want to use thedefaults by entering the size you want or by using the slider. You can alsoname the partition if you like. Be sure to create a partition large enough for your Linux installation. The defaultsizes for some of the types of installations (discussed later in this chapter) are: Personal Desktop 2GBWorkstation 2.5GBServer 1GBEverything 6GBThese are size estimations, and you will need more room for any other applica- tions you want as well as for personal files, etc. Note19_